The article is dedicated to the study of the models of production of innovations at enterprise and state levels. The shift towards a new technology wave induces a change in systems of division of labour as well as establishment of new forms of cooperation that are re ected both in theory and practice of in- novation policy and management. Within the scope of the research question we have studied di erent generation of innovation process, starting with simple linear models – “technology push” and “market pull” – and ending with a complex integrated model of open innovations. There are two organizational models of innovation production at the enterprise level: start-ups in the early stages of their development and ambidextrous organizations. The former are prone to linear models of innovation process, while the latter create innovation within more sophisticated inclusive processes. Companies that e ectuate recip- rocal ambidexterity stand out from all the rest, since together with start-ups, research and development centres, elements of innovation infrastructure and other economic agents operating in the same value chain they constitute the core of most advanced forms of national innovation systems, namely Triple He- lix and Quadruple Helix systems. National innovation systems – models of innovation production at the state level – evolve into systems with a more profound division of labour that enable “line production” of innovations. These tendencies are closely related to the advent and development of the concept of serial entrepreneurship that transforms entrepreneurship into a new type of profession. International experience proves this concept to be e cient in various parts of the world. Nevertheless, the use of above mentioned models and concepts in national innovation system should be justi ed by socioeconomic conditions of economic regions, since they determine the e ciency of implementation of certain innovation processes and organizational designs at company and national system level.
Key words: Innovation, innovations process, organizational models of innovation production, start-up, ambidextrous organizations, national innovation system, serial entrepreneurship, conveyer of innovations, long waves of technological change, region, cluster.
References
1. Glazev S. Ju. Sovremennaja teorija dlinnyh voln v razvitii jekonomiki [Modern theory of long waves of economic development]. Sergey Glazev’s o cial web-site. Available at: http://www.glazev.ru/upload/iblo ck/77b/77b8141cdfc1038b78520f79fc9acd40.pdf (Accessed 09.05.2016) (In Russian).
2. Gorohova A.E. Povyshenie je ektivnosti promyshlennyh predprijatij v uslovijah transformacii nacional'noj innovacionnoj sistemy [Improvement of e ciency of industrial enterprises under transformation of national innovation system]. Doct. Diss. Moscow, 2015. 346 p. Available at: http://www.rusacad.ru/docs/disertsovet/ zashiti/GorohovaAE/disser_GorohovaAE.pdf (Accessed 10.05.2016) (In Russian).
3. Kasenov R. R. Model' nacional'noj innovacionnoj sistemy [Model of national innovation system]. Vestnik Cheljabinskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2013, no. 32 (323). Available at: http://cyberleninka.ru/ article/n/model-natsionalnoy-innovatsionnoy-sistemy (Accessed 10.05.2016) (In Russian).
4. Kovalevich D. A., Shhedrovickij P. G. Konvejer innovacij [Innovation conveyor belt]. Agentstvo strategicheskih iniciativ. Available at: http://asi.ru/conveyor-of-innovations/ (Accessed 27.04.2016) (In Russian).
5. Medovnikov D., Rozmirovich S., Saraev V. Zhrebij eshhe ne broshen [The die is not yet cast]. Jekspert, 2012, no. 2, p. 36. (In Russian).
6. Sergeev V. M., Alekseenkova E. S., Nechaev V. D. Tipologija modelej innovacionnogo razvitija [Typology of models of innovation development]. Politija, 2008, no. 4, pp. 6-22. (In Russian).
7. Adler P. S., Goldoftas B., Levine D. I. Flexibility versus e ciency? A case study of model changeovers in the Toyota production system. Organization Science, 1999, 10(1), рр. 43-68.
8. Bakhshi H. et al. The geography of the UK’s creative and high–tech economies. Nesta, 2015. Available at: http://www.nesta.org.uk/sites/default/ les/geography_uks_creative_high-tech_economieswv20151.pdf (Accessed 09.06.2016) (In Russian).
9. Bianchi M., Cavaliere A. Chiaroni D., Frattini F., Chiesa V. Organisational modes for Open Innovation in the bio-pharmaceutical industry: An exploratory analysis. Technovation, 2011, no. 31(1), рр. 22-33.
10. Birkinshaw J., Gibson C. Building ambidexterity into an organization. MIT Sloan Management Review, 2004, vol. 45, no.4, рр. 47-55.
11. Callaway S. K., Hamilton R. Managing disruptive technology—Internet banking ventures for traditional banks. International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management, 2008, no. 5(01), рр. 55-80.
12. Carayannis E. G., Campbell D. F. 'Mode 3'and'Quadruple Helix': toward a 21st century fractal innovation
ecosystem. International Journal of Technology Management, 2009, no. 46(3-4), рр. 201-234.
13. Chen E. L., Katila R. Rival interpretations of balancing exploration and exploitation: Simultaneous or se-
quential? Handbook of Technology and Innovation Management, 2008, рр. 197-201.
14. Creation of tech-based companies debated in COHiTEC’s closing session. Technology Commercialization Accelerator. Available at: https://www.actbycotec.com/en/media.104/news.105/creation_of_tech-based_
companies_debated_in_cohitec_s_closing_session.a562.html (Accessed 10.05.2016).
15. Datta A. Review and extension on ambidexterity: A theoretical model integrating networks and absorptive
capacity. Journal of Management and Strategy. 2011, no. 2(1), pp. 2-22.
16. Dutta S. K. Dynamic Capabilities: Fostering Ambidexterity. Journal of Indian Management, 2012, no. 9(2),
рр. 81-91.
17. Ferrary M. Specialized organizations and ambidextrous clusters in the open innovation paradigm. European
Management Journal, 2011, no. 29(3), рр. 181-192.
18. Graves A. Comparative Trends in Automotive Research and Development. DRC Discussion Paper, No. 54,
Science Policy Research Unit, Sussex University, Brighton, Sussex, 1987. 42 p.
19. Hoang H. A., Rothaermel F. T. Leveraging internal and external experience: exploration, exploitation, and
R&D project performance. Strategic Management Journal, 2010, no. 31(7), рр. 734-758.
20. Isaacson W. The exclusive Biography of Steve Jobs. Little Brown Book Group, 2011. 656 p.
21. Meissner D., Kotsemir M. Conceptualizing the innovation process towards the ‘active innovation paradigm’—
trends and outlook. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 2016, no. 5(1), 18 p.
22. Mowery D., Rosenberg N. The in uence of market demand upon innovation: a critical review of some recent
empirical studies. Research policy, 1979, no. 8(2), рр. 102-153.
23. Myint Y. M., Vyakarnam S., New M. J. The e ect of social capital in new venture creation: the Cambridge
high‐technology cluster. Strategic Change, 2005, no. 14(3), рр. 165-177.
24. O'Reilly C. A., Harreld J. B., Tushman M. L. Organizational ambidexterity: IBM and emerging business op-
portunities. California Management Review, 2009, no. 51(4), рр. 75-99.
25. O’Reilly C. A., Tushman M. L. The ambidextrous organization. Harvard Business Review, 2004, no. 82(4), рр. 74-83.
26. Powell W. W., Koput K. W., Smith-Doerr L. Interorganizational collaboration and the locus of innovation:
Networks of learning in biotechnology. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1996, 41 (1), рр. 116-145.
27. Rohrbeck R., Gemünden H. G. Corporate foresight: Its three roles in enhancing the innovation capacity of
a rm. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 2011, no. 78(2), рр. 231–243.
28. Rothwell R. Towards the fth-generation innovation process. International marketing review, 1994, no.
11(1), рр. 7-31.
29. Schilling M. A. Strategic Management of Technological Innovation. McGraw-Hill Education, 2013. 336 p.
30. Simsek Z., Heavey C., Veiga J. F., & Souder, D. (2009). A typology for aligning organizational ambidexterity's
conceptualizations, antecedents, and outcomes. Journal of Management Studies. 2009, no. 46(5), рр. 864-894.
31. Stettner U., Lavie D. Ambidexterity under scrutiny: Exploration and exploitation via internal organization,
alliances, and acquisitions. Strategic Management Journal, 2014, no. 35(13), рр. 1903-1929.
32. Westerman G., McFarlan F. W., Iansiti M. Organization design and e ectiveness over the innovation life cycle.
Organization Science, 2006, no. 17(2), рр. 230-238.
33. Zegveld W., Rothwell R. Reindustrialization and Technology. Longman, Harlow, 1985. 282 p.
