During the acute phase of the migration crisis (2014–2015) in a large number of European Union states, policies restricting internal borders and the strengthening of external borders took place, which raised serious questions about the future of the European Union’s borders. Ever since the emergence of supranational structures, freedom of movement, capital, goods, services and labor has all been the principal focus points of the EU countries cooperation. The uncertain nature and complexlexity regarding migration issues, strengthening of Eurosceptic sentiments in certain EU countries, the commitment to population in certain member states, the EU’s future and its main achievements (including such issues as freedom of borders, which is still under threat of illegal migration and criminal-terrorist elements) remain a big question.
The authors of the article aim to evaluate the current state and threats to open borders of the European Union using analysis of common European identity. One of its elements includes the population’s attitude to issues such as the mobility and freedom of borders and their relation with national identity on the example of different EU countries, which consistently support and/or criticize the existing supranational model.
In the first part of the article, the author discuss’ the main causes for why the EU borders at present have grown so important. Also, their correlation to the task of strengthening solidarity and trust throughout the EU, by overcoming a common European identity crisis. In the second part of the article the process of forming a common European identity and the reflection of this concept in the basic documents of the EU are presented retrospectively. In the third part the place of migration and its relation to the problem of borders in national and European identities through the example of EU member-states is illustrated by the example of countries whose population is both European oriented and by Eurosceptic states. In the final section conclusions are drawn regarding the importance of «open borders» for the EU in medium and long term outlook. Key words: borders, the European Union, national identity, common European identity, Great Britain, Germany, France, Austria, Poland, Hungary, Sweden
Key words: borders, the European Union, national identity, common European identity, Great Britain, Germany, France, Austria, Poland, Hungary, Sweden
References
1. Assman A. Dlinnaia ten’ proshlogo: Memorial’naia kul’tura i istoricheskaia politika [A long shadow of the past: Memorial culture and historical politics]. Moscow, Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie Publ., 2014. 328 p. (In Russian).
2. Berger Sh. Istoricheskaia politika i natsional-sotsialisticheskoe proshloe Germanii, 1949–1982 [Historical politics and the national socialist past of Germany, 1949-1982]. Istoricheskaia politika v XXI veke [Historical politics in the 21st century]. Moscow, Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie Publ., 2012. Pp. 33–60. (In Russian).
3. Blagova Iu.A. Problemy natsional’noi samoidentifikatsii v ob”edinennoi Germanii [Problems of national self-identification in united Germany]. Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo lingvisticheskogo universiteta, 2012, no. 25 (658), pp. 9–22. (In Russian).
4. Vasil’ev V.I. Avstriiskaia identichnost’ i evropeiskaia integratsiia [Austrian identity and European integration]. Obozrevatel’– Observer, 2013, no. 12, pp. 98–115. (In Russian).
5. Karavaeva D.N. Angliiskaia identichnost’ i ee diskurs: Britaniia – Angliia – Severnaia Angliia [English identity and its discourse: Britain - England - Northern England]. Ekaterinburg, UrO RAN Publ., 2016. 344 p. (In Russian).
6. Kauganov E.L. Diskurs natsional’noi identichnosti v poslevoennoi Germanii [Discourse of national identity in post-war Germany]. Ocherki o evropeiskoi identichnosti i mnogokul’turnosti [Essays on European Identity and Multiculturalism]. Ed. by M. Iu. Martynova. Moscow, IEA RAS Publ., 2013. Pp. 11–73. (In Russian).
7. Korotetskaia L.V. Osobennosti intellektual’nogo patrioticheskogo diskursa v Germanii 1990-kh godov [Features of intellectual patriotic discourse in Germany in the 1990s]. Polis, 2012, no. 1, pp. 92–99. (In Russian).
8. Lezina E. Pamiat’, identichnost’, politicheskaia kul’tura i poslevoennaia germanskaia demokratiia [Memory, identity, political culture and post-war German democracy]. Otechestvennye zapiski, 2013, no. 6 (57), pp. 162–178. (In Russian).
9. Malakhov V.S. Integratsiia migrantov: kontseptsii i praktika [Integration of migrants: Concepts and practices]. Moscow, Fond «Liberal’naia Missiia» Publ., 2015. 272 p. (In Russian).
10. Sokolova T. Politika integratsii immigrantov: assimiliatsionnyi podkhod [The policy of integration of immigrants: assimilation approach]. Vlast’, 2009, no. 11, pp. 121–123. (In Russian).
11. Sosnitskaia O. Germaniia: chto obshchego u integratsii i «kul’tury titul’noi natsii»? [Germany: What is common in integration and “culture of the titular nation”?]. Deutsche Welle. 30.12.2009. [Электронный ресурс]. http://www. dw.com/ru/германия-что-общего-у- интеграции-и-культуры-титульной- нации/a-5069256 (дата обращения: 20.02.2018).
12. Fillipova E.I. Territorii identichnosti v sovremennoi Frantsii [Territories of identity in modern France]. Moscow, FGNU «Rosinformagrotekh», 2010. 300 p. (In Russian).
13. Khabermas Iu. Granitsy neoistorizma. Beseda s Zhanom-Markom Ferri [Borders of Neo-History. Conversation with Jean-Marc Ferry]. Khabermas Iu. Politicheskie raboty [Political works]. Moscow, Izdatel’skaia i konsaltingovaia gruppa «PRAKSIS» Publ., 2003. 368 p. (In Russian).
14. Alund A., Schirup C.-U. Paradoxes of Multiculturalism: Essays on Swedish society. Aldershot: Avebury Publ., 1991. 192 p.
15. Alund A., Schirup C.-U. The thorny road to Europe: Swedish immigrant policy in transition. Wrench J., Sollors. J. Racism and migration in Western Europe. Oxford, Berg Baldwin-Edwards Publ., 1993. Pp. 199–211.
16. Balázs M. A Game of Values: Particular National Identities Awaken in Europe. Verfassungsblog 2016. Available at: https:// verfassungsblog.de/a-game-of-valuesparticular-national-identities-awaken-ineurope/ (accessed: 28.01.2018).
17. Bauer W.T. Zwei Staaten, zwei Nationen – und jede Menge Identitäten. Nationales Selbstverständnis und Umgang mit gesellschaftlicher Vielfalt in Deutschland und Österreich. Gütersloh, Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2016. 96 S.
18. Cohen R. Frontiers of Identity: the British and Others. London, New York, Longman Publ., 1994. 227 p.
19. Graubard S.R. Norden: The Passion for Equality (Scandinavian Library). Oslo, Norwegian University Press Publ., 1986. 323 p.
20. Identität & Österreich-bewusstsein. Aktuelles zu Migration und Integration. Wien, Fonds zur Integration von Flüchtlingen und MigrantInnen (ÖIF), 2014. 5 S.
21. Ignazi P. Extreme right-wing parties in Western Europe. Oxford, Oxford University Press Publ., 2003. 297 p.
22. Internationale und nationale Perspektiven aus der Arbeit der Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. Flucht und Migration als Herausforderung für Europa. Berlin, Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V., 2016. 104 S.
23. Jarausch K.H. Normalisierung oder ReNationalisierung? Zur Umdeutung der deutschen Vergangenheit. Geschichte und Gesellschaft. Zeitschrift für Historische Sozialwissenschaft, 1995, N. 21, H. 4, S. 571–584.
24. Juhász A., Hunyadi B., Zgut E. Focus on Hungary: Refugees, asylum and migration. Praha, Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung Publ., 2015. 25 p.
25. Kettani H. Muslim Population in Europe: 1950–2020. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 2010, vol. 1, no. 2. Available at: http:// www.ijesd.org/papers/29-D438.pdf (accessed: 14.02.2018).
26. Kreissler F. Der Österreicher und seine Nation. Ein Lernprozess mit Hindernissen. Wien, Boehlau Verlag, 1984. 773 S.
27. Lönnaeus O. I valkampen blir alla folkhemskramare. Available at: https:// www.sydsvenskan.se/2009-09-19/ivalkampen-blir-alla-folkhemskramare (accessed: 26.01.2018).
28. Pettersson T., Esmer Y.R. Changing Values, Persisting Cultures: Case Studies in Value Change. European Valunes Studies, vol. 12. Boston, Brill Publ., 2008. 20 p.
29. Sunjic M., Volf P. Echte Österreicher. Gespräche mit Menschen, die als Flüchtlinge ins Land gekommen sind. Wien, Picus Publ., 1995. 190 S.
30. Tributsch S., Ulram P. Kleine Nation mit Eigenschaften. Über das Verhältnis der Österreicher zu sich selbst und zu ihren Nachbarn. Wien, Molden Wien/BRO Publ., 2004. 176 S.
31. Trzeciak S. Poland’s EU Accession. London, New York, Routledge Taylor & Francis Group Publ., 2012. 216 p.
